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Date: April 30, 2024 Tue
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Results for problem-oriented policing
43 results foundAuthor: Glover, Richard L. Title: Community and Problem Oriented Policing in School Settings: Design and Process Issues Summary: Community and Problem Oriented Policing (CPOP) is a multidemsional strategy used by police departments to control crime and improve the quality of life in target areas. This monograph presents CPOP as a possible solution to the problem of school violence. It identifies design components and process dimensions that can contribute to successful applications of CPOP. Five models have gained wide acceptance as strategies for school based problem solving around safety and security issues: the School Resource Officer model, student problem solving, the public health model, the Child Development-Community Policing Program, and the collaborative problem solving model. Eight components from these five models are fundamental to school based CPOP: police-school partnerships, problem solving approach, collaboration that reflects full stakeholder involvement, organizational support, education and training of problem solving group members, effective planning approaches, appropriate problem solving group size, and use of memoranda of understanding. The process dimensions associated with successful implementation of CPOP in schools are partnering between schools and police, collaborative problem solving, implementation, and evaluation of the overall CPOP effort. Details: New York: Columbia University School of Social Work, 2002. 58p. Source: Year: 2002 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118340 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionProblem SolvingProblem-Oriented PolicingSchool SafetySchool SecuritySchool Violence |
Author: Maguire, Edward R. Title: Problem-Oriented Policing in Colorado Springs: A Content Analysis of 753 Cases Summary: Problem-oriented policing(POP) has generated substantial attention from practitioners, scholars, and policymakers. A growing body of research is beginning to cast doubt on the extent to which this reform has been implmented in police agencies as prescribed by reformers. This study presents findings from an analysis of problem-oriented policing in the Colorado Springs Police Department, one of the national leaders of problem-oriented policing in the United States. The principal form of evidence is a systematic content analysis of case summaries and reports completed by police officers in 753 POP cases in Colorado Springs. The results point to a set of common roadblocks in the implemention of POP, as well as more general patterns that seem to influence the implementation of police reform. Details: Unpublished: 2009. 31p. Source: Year: 2009 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118363 Keywords: Police ReformProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Delaney, Christopher L. Title: The Effects of Focused Deterrence on Gang Homicide: An Evaluation of Rochester's Ceasefire Program Summary: In the late 1990's, a problem oriented policing initiative in Boston, "Operation: Ceasefire", achieved significant reductions in youth homicide by focusing on gang behavior. The program was driven by a concept known as focused deterrence. The success of the Boston program encouraged other jurisdictions across the country to implement their own versions of the Ceasefire project. In recent years, violence in Rochester, NY came to be seen as consistent with the gang driven problem described in Boston and a version of Operation Ceasefire was implemented in October, 2003. This study examines the Ceasefire program as implemented in Rochester, NY from October 2003 to December 2004. Using an interrupted time-series research design, the study finds limited but statistically significant reductions in homicides of black males ages 15-30 during the Ceasefire intervention period. Despite this finding, increases in 2005 homicides of black males ages 15-30 have raised concerns about the effectiveness of the program. A postscript examines the 2005 increase and considers explanations for the increase associated with potential theoretical and operational shortcomings in the Ceasefire program. Details: Rochester, NY: College of Liberal Arts/Public Policy Program, Rochester Institute of Technology, 2005. 157p. Source: Master's Thesis; Internet Resource Year: 2005 Country: United States URL: Shelf Number: 118682 Keywords: Ceasefire ProgramFocused DeterrenceGang ViolenceGangsHomicideProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Muntingh, Lukas Title: Child Justice Alliance: A Quantitative Overview of Children in the Criminal Justice System: 2007 Summary: This report provides an overview of the available quantitative data on children in the juvenile justice system in South Africa, and also identifies where data is lacking or incomplete. It includes the following sections: children in detention; duration of detention; children coming into contact with the juvenile justice system; existence of a juvenile justice system; separation from adults; conditions for control of quality of services for children in detention; and protection from torture, violence, abuse and exploitation. Details: Bellville, South Africa: Child Justice Alliance, 2007. 36p. Source: Internet Resource Year: 2007 Country: South Africa URL: Shelf Number: 110569 Keywords: Crime DisplacementHigh Crime AreasHot-Spots PolicingJuvenile DetentionJuvenile Justice Systems (South Africa)Juvenile Offenders (South Africa)Police PatrolProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: West, Ronald A. Title: Democratic Oversight of Police Forces: Mechanisms for Accountability and Community Policing Summary: One of the most important features of the modern democratic state is the tacit agreement between the government and citizens: in exchange for surrendering some of their personal liberty to allow government to develop a binding legal framework for society, citizens are given protection by the government. This public protection is provided by police, who maintain order and enforce laws. Police in democratic countries are generally civilians, even if the organization of police institutions bears many similarities to military forces. Most developed democracies have limited the authority of their militaries to responsibility for protecting the state from foreign invasion and/or actions in a very limited range of internal crises — there is no role for the military in policing a democracy. This handbook is a guide for those concerned with what happens after democratization takes place and police realize that a new type of government is in power. To whom will police answer? What form will policing take? The handbook includes the following sections: 1) Ensuring Accountability - How Democracies Control Police; 2) Community or "Problem-Solving Policing"; and Sweden - A Case Study in Improving Performance. Details: Washington, DC: RIGHTS Consortium; National Democratic Institute, 2005. 54p. Source: Internet Resource; Rule of Law Series Paper Year: 2005 Country: International URL: Shelf Number: 119564 Keywords: Community PolicingDemocratizationPolice AccountabilityProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Johnson, Shane D. Title: Theft of Customers' Personal Property in Cafes and Bars Summary: This guide provides an overview of the problem of theft of customer's personal property from cafes and bars and reviews the associated risk factors. The guide also reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 68p. Source: Internet Resource; Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series, No. 60; Accessed August 17, 2010 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/cafe_bar_theft.pdf Year: 2010 Country: International URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/cafe_bar_theft.pdf Shelf Number: 119623 Keywords: Personal TheftProblem-Oriented PolicingTheft |
Author: Chamard, Sharon Title: Homeless Encampments Summary: This report provides police with information about the problem of homeless encampments and reviews the factors that contribute to it. It also reviews responses to the problem and what is known about them from evaluative research and police practice. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 76p. Source: Internet Resource; Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series, No. 56; Accessed August 17, 2010 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/homeless_encampments.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/homeless_encampments.pdf Shelf Number: 119622 Keywords: Homelessness - Homeless EncampmentsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Anne Duncan Consultancy Title: Evaluation of the Auckland City East Community Policing Team Summary: The Auckland East Community Policing Team (CPT) is a problem-solving team that works with community constables and local communities to identify and address issues of concern to the community. The team draws on information from Intel, local police staff, tactical meetings, other agencies and communities groups to identify problems and to decide on which issues they will focus. They work flexibly on varied shifts in order to target problem times and places. The CPT comprises a sergeant and four staff who are a mix of experienced and probationary constables. This mix provides a training ground in community policing for new staff and ensures that more senior staff are attracted to lead community policing as Field Training Officers. The evaluation of the Auckland East CPT has drawn on interviews with CPT members, other local police staff, and community stakeholders; Intel data; informal observation; and CPT weekly reports. The CPT has an on-going focus on graffiti, truancy, alcohol-related incidents, and road policing. On-going work in these areas has been complemented by targeted operations. These include: • a graffiti operation, with the Auckland City Council • two truancy operations, with schools and the Ministry of Education • public visibility and crime deterrence activity following a community survey • three controlled purchase operations • directed patrolling of selected retail areas. There is some evidence that the targeted activity is associated with a reduction in the problems identified, at least in the short term. Community stakeholders, particularly those from local government, were positive about their relationship with the CPT and believed the team was helping to raise the profile of police service in the area. The CPT has successfully complemented local community constables and other police sections, such as Youth Aid, Officers in Charge of local stations, and the Strategic Traffic Unit. Interviews with other police staff indicate that there is growing appreciation of and support for the role of the CPT. Details: Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Police, 2009. 45p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 15, 2010 at: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Auckland-City-East-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Year: 2009 Country: New Zealand URL: http://www.police.govt.nz/sites/default/files/resources/evaluation/2009-10-27-Auckland-City-East-community-policing-evaluation.pdf Shelf Number: 119810 Keywords: Alcohol Related Crime, DisorderCommunity PolicingCrime PreventionGraffitiProblem-Oriented PolicingRoad PolicingTruancy |
Author: Mendoza, Carmen Title: Law Enforcement Services to a Growing International Community: An Effective Practices Manual Summary: The Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, like police departments all over North Carolina and the nation, is faced with the challenges of providing effective services in an ever-changing global society. Charlotte-Mecklenburg experienced three digit growths in immigration since 1990, according to the 2000 U.S. Census. Therefore, we had to ask ourselves how we are including and providing services to those who are new to our country and our community. In 2000, Chief of Police Darrel W. Stephens created the International Relations Unit (IRU). The unit started in November of 2000, but the process began in 1997. CMPD began the process in 1997 by evaluating the issues that affected our ability to provide services to our largest international population, the Hispanic community. The goal was to provide a foundation for the future, a model to meet the needs of our future international communities as they arose. In the spring of 2000, we updated the plan and made additional recommendations. One of those recommendations was to form an International Relations Unit. The International Relations Unit began in November of 2000 with a mandate to become a county-wide resource committed to improving the quality of life, reducing crime and fostering mutual trust and respect with members of the international community. This has not always been a smooth process. The IRU quickly learned that the identified issues were just an introduction to the challenges facing the Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department and the county. We realized that there were many underlying factors that hindered effective policing of our international population. In order to overcome these barriers, we had to work differently. We started with educating ourselves and developing an understanding of the needs and perceptions of our international community. This information provided a scale to the challenges and emphasized the importance of forming partnerships. The importance of forming partnerships and not trying to do everything alone cannot be emphasized enough. We are all stronger when we work together. We also have to remain flexible and be willing to make necessary adjustments. The CMPD/IRU constantly evolves as we identify and address new needs and issues. This manual is not just about the International Relations Unit. It is a culmination of efforts by the entire Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department and its many partners. The IRU is a resource and a support unit, one spoke of many in the wheel. The officers of the International Relations Unit were chosen in part based on their past efforts in problem solving and the officer’s skills in language and cultural awareness. IRU officers have experience as community police officers and as detectives. This manual is largely based on the observations, training, and experience of officers in the International Relations Unit. It will present the process used in developing our unit and initiatives. This manual is not only about the successes but also the hurdles. Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department International Relations Unit The International Relations Unit Effective Practices Manual will focus on the following: • Immigration trends and the challenges they pose to providing effective law enforcement services to the international community • The evaluation process for implementing an International Relations Unit or initiatives that overcome barriers to effective policing in the international community • Developmental process and operations of an International Relations Unit • Recommendations for overcoming challenges of providing effective police services to an international community • Ways to form collaborative partnerships that will improve government agencies’ relationship with the international community. Details: Charlotte, NC: Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, International Relations Unit, 2004. 121p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 8, 2011 at: http://www.ncgccd.org/PDFs/iru.pdf Year: 2004 Country: United States URL: http://www.ncgccd.org/PDFs/iru.pdf Shelf Number: 120892 Keywords: ImmigrantsImmigrationPolice-Community RelationsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Braga, Anthony A. Title: Moving the Work of Criminal Investigators Towards Crime Control Summary: This paper points out the challenges to police executives in moving the work of criminal investigators towards a more active role in crime control. The paper provides research on the effectiveness of criminal investigators, the problem-oriented approach to crime control, and intelligence-led policing. The authors suggest ways to allocate proactive and problem-solving work between criminal investigators and patrol officers. The paper concludes with examples by the authors of moving the work of criminal investigators at the Milwaukee Police Department, the New York Police Department, the Victoria Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice; Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School Program in Criminal Justice Policy and Management, 2011. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Accessed March 17, 2011 at: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/232994.htm Year: 2011 Country: International URL: http://www.ojp.usdoj.gov/nij/pubs-sum/232994.htm Shelf Number: 121046 Keywords: Criminal InvestigationIntelligence-Led PolicingProblem-Oriented PolicingProblem-Solving |
Author: Kooi, Brandon R. Title: Theft of Scrap Metal Summary: This guide begins by describing the problem of scrap metal theft and reviewing factors that increase its risk. It then identifies a series of questions to help you analyze your local scrap-metal theft problem. Finally, it reviews responses to the problem, and what is known about these responses from evaluative research and police practice. While stolen precious metals include gold and silver—commonly targeted in residential burglaries — for the purposes of this guide, scrap metal theft includes mainly stolen copper, aluminum, brass, zinc, nickel, platinum, and bronze. These metals have value only when sold to a scrap metal dealer who arranges for the metal to be melted and reshaped for other uses. By contrast, gold and silver commonly have intrinsic value, either to the thief or to someone else who values the metal in its original shape. Scrap metal theft is but one of the larger set of theft and sale of stolen property problems. This guide is limited to addressing the particular harms scrap metal theft causes. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2010. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police Problem-Specific Guides Series No. 58; Accessed April 1, 2011 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/metal_theft.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/metal_theft.pdf Shelf Number: 121210 Keywords: Crime PreventionMetal TheftProblem-Oriented PolicingStolen PropertyTheft Offenses |
Author: Vellani, Karim H. Title: Crime Analysis for Problem Solving Security Professionals in 25 Small Steps Summary: This manual shows security professionals how to select and implement appropriate countermeasures to reduce the opportunities for the everyday crimes that are the most common threats to assets and targets that security professionals must protect. Drawing on problem-oriented policing and situational crime prevention the manual is essential reading for security professionals, facility managers, risk managers, property managers, and as well for both public and private police who are concerned with everyday crime problems in business settings. Details: Houston, TX: Karim H. Vellani, 2010. 56p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 15, 2011 at: http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/pdfs/crimeanalysis25steps.pdf Year: 2010 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/library/reading/pdfs/crimeanalysis25steps.pdf Shelf Number: 121361 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime PreventionPrivate SecurityProblem-Oriented PolicingSituational Crime Prevention |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of Community Oriented Policing Title: Institutionalization of Problem Solving, Analysis, and Accountability in the Port St. Lucie, Florida Police Department Summary: This report is a synopsis of results of a collaborative partnership by the Port St. Lucie, Florida Police Department (PSLPD) and Dr. Rachel Boba that has sought to increase the effectiveness of crime reduction efforts in the agency. The initiative began in 2004 and has evolved through a “practice-based evidence” approach over the last 7 years into a system of policies, procedures, practices, and products for implementing problem solving, analysis, evaluation, and accountability for effective crime reduction. The result has been the creation of a new organizational model for crime reduction called the Stratified Model of Problem Solving, Analysis, and Accountability. This report describes the phases of the model’s implementation in the department, explains the major events and accomplishments in each phase, presents the process and impact evaluation results, and discusses the results and their implications. Two important themes that arise from this work are that to be successful in improving crime reduction efforts police departments should: take a practice based-research approach and also ensure that strong leadership drives the organizational changes that are necessary. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice. Office of the Community Oriented Policing Services, 2011. 24p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed November 1, 2011 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e07118380_Instit-of-PS-Analysis-PtStLucie-508.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/files/RIC/Publications/e07118380_Instit-of-PS-Analysis-PtStLucie-508.pdf Shelf Number: 123206 Keywords: Community Oriented PolicingProblem-Oriented PolicingProblem-Solving |
Author: U.S. Department of Justice. Bureau of Justice Assistance Title: Reducing Crime Through Intelligence-Led Policing Summary: Through the Targeting Violent Crime Initiative, the Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA), Office of Justice Programs, U.S. Department of Justice, has identified numerous law enforcement agencies throughout the United States that have experienced tremendous success in combating complex crime problems plaguing their communities. A cornerstone of these agencies‟ efforts appears to be the incorporation of intelligence-led policing, along with other initiatives, to address their crime problems. To better understand the role of ILP in these successes, BJA requested a study of selected programs that represent a broad spectrum of agencies that are geographically diverse and varied in agency size and available resources. The purpose of the study was to identify commonalities, challenges, and best practices that may be replicated in other jurisdictions. The study was composed of case studies of selected agencies and involved delving into the nature and scope of the crime problems targeted, examining institutional changes made to address those crime problems, and identifying ongoing or newly implemented complementary efforts. Many, but not all, agencies selected for the study were grantees of the BJA Targeting Violent Crime Initiative. A protocol was developed to collect program information, and a team visited ten agencies to review data and policies and conduct interviews. Although the agencies exhibited differing operational practices and organizational styles, it quickly became apparent that they shared certain commonalities that were critical to their success. These include: Command commitment Problem clarity Active collaboration Effective intelligence Information sharing Clearly defined goals Results-oriented tactics and strategies Holistic investigations Officer accountability Continuous assessment The case studies in this report validate the fact that implementing ILP substantially enhanced the ability of these high-performing agencies to achieve success. ILP was implemented in varying degrees within these agencies and was often complemented by other policing practices, such as community policing, problem solving, and CompStat based on robust data collection and analysis. The success of these programs also reflects BJA‟s principles of: Emphasizing local control Building relationships in the field Developing collaborations and partnerships Promoting capacity building through planning Encouraging innovation. Details: Washington, DC: BJA, 2012. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 7, 2012 at: https://www.bja.gov/Publications/ReducingCrimeThroughILP.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: https://www.bja.gov/Publications/ReducingCrimeThroughILP.pdf Shelf Number: 125904 Keywords: Crime AnalysisIntellence-Led Policing (U.S.)Intelligence AnalysisProblem-Oriented PolicingViolent Crime |
Author: Jones, Greg Title: Crime Analysis Case Studies Summary: This volume presents a collection of crime analysis case studies that examines practical yet unique crime and disorder problems. These case studies are written by crime analysts and practitioners to demonstrate the processes, tools, and research crime analysts use to understand as well as to find viable, comprehensive solutions to crime and disorder problems. Each case study draws upon an analyst’s experience, training, and basic problem-solving skills; however, several draw upon the problem-analysis process as well. Problem analysis is an important part of the Scanning, Analysis, Response and Assessment (SARA) process and has been a weakness of problem-solving efforts historically. It requires an in-depth examination of the what, when, how, who, and,most important, the why. This examination requires innovation, which may include development of additional tools or multilateral approaches to triangulate appropriate methods or analyses that should be conducted. Each case study follows a uniform format using SARA, which enables a systematic review of a problem to facilitate well-developed, targeted response(s). The scanning phase involves identifying the problem initially as well as defining that problem in its entirety. Analysis refers to an in-depth exploration of the problem and the examination of its underlying causes. The response phase entails implementation of a well-developed strategy that is tailored according to the results of the analysis phase. The assessment phase requires ongoing monitoring, review, and evaluation of the responses to ensure that goals and objectives are met. Sometimes, especially when dealing with a complex problem, an agency may have to conduct numerous repetitions of the scan and analysis phases before reaching the response phase. The candid descriptions, and personal insights, provided in each case study demonstrate the innovation and diligence of each analyst and practitioner as they journeyed through the SARA process. Also included are maps, images, graphs, and/or tables that were used to help them understand the problem, targeted responses, and evaluate the impact of their responses. Details: Washington, DC: Police Foundation and U.S. Department of Justice, office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 81p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2012 at: http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/CrimeAnalysisCaseStudies.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://www.policefoundation.org/pdf/CrimeAnalysisCaseStudies.pdf Shelf Number: 125964 Keywords: Crime AnalysisProblem-AnalysisProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Scott, Michael S. Title: Implementing POP: Leading, Structuring, and Managing a Problem-Oriented Police Agency Summary: This manual is intended for police executives interested in promoting the practice of problem-oriented policing (POP) within their police agency. (In the United Kingdom, the concept is more commonly referred to as problem-oriented partnerships with the intention of emphasizing the criticality of external partnerships. It is not otherwise distinct.) Whether you’re a chief executive (police chief, chief constable, sheriff, or public safety director) already committed to the idea of POP, but looking for guidance on implementing it, or a senior-level executive tasked to plan your agency’s adoption of POP, this manual should help you decide what steps to take, and in what order, to make POP an integral part of how your police agency does business. If you lack the time to read the entire manual, read the Contents for a quick summary; you’ll know which sections you might want to read in full. At the end of each section we reference a few good and readily accessible publications should you want to read more. We have also created a companion annotated bibliography of POP studies that you can access online at www.popcenter.org. This manual assumes that you already know what POP is and that you are committed to the concept as a means of making your agency more effective. If this is not the case for you, visit the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing’s website, www.popcenter.org, for an abundance of information on the principles and practice of POP. This manual also assumes that you are well-versed in the basics of police management and therefore is not a primer or comprehensive text on the subject. Rather, it focuses only on the aspects of police administration and management that are most directly implicated in the shift to POP. Implementing POP is as much about the art of persuasion and of modifying police culture as it is about the mechanics of police administration. The practical realities of changing police organizations and the public’s expectations of police are far more complex than a step-by-step manual such as this one might imply. But we think the manual format serves as a useful reminder that for a police agency to truly adopt POP, all of its many systems, procedures, policies, structures, and personnel should be aligned and integrated in a way that makes practicing POP not only possible, but expected and encouraged. Each system, procedure, policy, structure, or employee, properly oriented to addressing problems, facilitates the orientation of other components. Throughout the manual, we offer many suggestions for making changes to a police agency’s operation. In so doing, we are mindful that police agencies come in all sizes and operate in a wide variety of political and legal environments, both of which implicate whether and how you implement these suggestions in your agency. We are also mindful that police agencies have varying tolerances for the pace of change with varying opportunities and obstacles to effecting changes. Even if for your agency a particular recommendation doesn’t make sense or is impractical at the time, consider its underlying principle and how it might be adapted to fit your agency’s and community’s needs, now or in the future. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Community Oriented Policing Services, 2012. 47p. Source: Internet Resource: accessed November 29, 2012 at: http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=724958 Year: 2012 Country: International URL: http://www.hsdl.org/?view&did=724958 Shelf Number: 127040 Keywords: Police AdministrationPolice TrainingProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Spalek, Basia Title: Preventing Religio-Political Extremism Amongst Muslim Youth: a study exploring police-community partnership Summary: Counter-terrorism policing in the UK is undergoing a steep learning curve due to the introduction of overt community policing models. As a result, efforts need to be made to examine the extent to which policing efforts are community focussed and/or community-targeted. Accountability towards communities is increasingly a feature or indeed a challenge for policing: community focused, problem-oriented policing requires police to be responsive to citizens‟ demands, and as such, counter-terrorism police officers working with and within communities must also be accountable to them. Accountability is not only about being accessible and visible to communities, it is also about police officers being open about the fact they are counter-terrorism officers. A key aspect of this accountability is information-sharing, and currently police officers are grappling with what information to release to communities regarding terrorism and counter-terrorism related issues, how to go about sharing this and to whom this should be made available. They are attempting to change the secretive culture of traditional counter-terrorism policing to see how this can be made more visible and open. Overt counter-terrorism policing models can be used to gain valuable information from communities that may have, traditionally, been obtained through covert policing strategies. This highlights the real value of an open approach by police and highlights the importance of considering the balance and links between overt and covert approaches. Police-community partnership Our study highlights the importance of relationship building between police officers and community members. It is important to stress that this study suggests that relationship-building in a counter-terrorism context presents particular challenges, and therefore requires added sensitivity. Information-sharing is seen as a key way of building trust. In areas deemed at „high risk‟ of violent extremism – by the authorities or communities - it is likely that both overt and covert policing is taking place. This creates a tension and challenge for community members who may be engaging with overt police officers whilst also believing that they are the subject of covert observation and other operations. Given the sensitivities around counter-terrorism, it may be that police officers working overtly should be specially selected for their skills in engaging with communities. Additionally, police officers may need to consider that counter-terrorism is distinct from other areas of policing due to the historical legacy and wider socio-political context. Community members can play a crucial role in helping to risk-assess those individuals who have come to the attention of the police or other agencies for a perceived vulnerability to violent extremism, for there may be aspects to individuals‟ lives that only community members can witness, understand and evaluate. It is crucial that partnership is pursued as a goal in relation to intelligence/information sharing between communities and police and other agencies. There may be a danger that statutory agencies enter into relationships and agreements with community members that may prioritise the risk and other needs of those agencies rather than the risks and the needs of community members themselves. The need to acknowledge and address the risks to communities as well as state agencies highlights the fundamental connection between state and community securities. This study found multiple layers to risk. One key issue relates to the identification of risk: who decides whether a set of vulnerabilities constitutes risk of violent extremism and how this is managed. In a situation where risk is being assessed by different agencies, it is important to consider whose voice carries most weight and whether there is a danger that community voices are marginalised. Details: Birmingham, UK: University of Birmingham, Religion & Society, 2011. 38p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed December 3, 2012 at: http://www.religionandsociety.org.uk/uploads/docs/2011_04/1302685819_preventing-religio-political-extremism-spalek-april2011.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.religionandsociety.org.uk/uploads/docs/2011_04/1302685819_preventing-religio-political-extremism-spalek-april2011.pdf Shelf Number: 127111 Keywords: Counter-terrorism (U.K.)Extremist GroupsHate CrimesMuslimsPolice-Community RelationsProblem-Oriented PolicingReligious Extremism |
Author: Distler, Michael Title: Less Debate, More Analysis: A Meta Analysis of Literature on Broken Windows Policing Summary: In their broken windows thesis, Wilson and Kelling (1982) propose that social and physical disorder leads to a breakdown in informal social controls, thereby allowing more serious crime to occur. This framework had a tangible impact on policy, though research has shown mixed results with regard to its effectiveness. This thesis conducts a meta-analysis of 66 effect sizes, nested within eleven studies, in order to better understand the effect of broken windows policing on crime according to the literature. Results show that broken windows policing does have an effect on crime and that methodological characteristics of the studies are related to the effect. The discussion section considers the relationship between these findings and other meta-analyses on policing innovations, such as hot spots and problem-oriented policing. Details: College Park, MD: University of Maryland, 2011. 60. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed December 4, 2012 at: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11735/1/Distler_umd_0117N_12199.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://drum.lib.umd.edu/bitstream/1903/11735/1/Distler_umd_0117N_12199.pdf Shelf Number: 127125 Keywords: Broken Windows TheoryHotspots PolicingNuisance Behaviors and DisorderProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Hillard Heintze Title: A Key Platform for Transformation: Advancing the Lemont Police Department's Effectiveness and Efficiency Through Community-Focused Policing Summary: Strategic Context: At the center of every world-class policing agency’s reputation and success – regardless of size – is a strong, commendable and often collaborative relationship with the community at many different levels. This is the threshold that the Lemont Police Department stands upon today – the strategic opportunity to improve the integrity, operations and reputation of the Department and help shape it, now and over time, into a national example of a true community-focused policing agency committed to public service and professional excellence. Assignment: In January 2011, the Lemont Police Department requested that Hillard Heintze assess the Department’s current operations and make recommendations on the best opportunities to improve its performance and delivery of service to the Lemont community in a highly cost-efficient manner. Hillard Heintze was asked to give special attention to strategies that would help the Department meet its mission in financially challenging times and engage cost-effective methods to maximize and improve the services provided to Lemont residents through community-focused policing. A Key Definition: What exactly is community-focused policing? Hillard Heintze uses this term to describe a compelling blend of (1) traditional policing, (2) problem-oriented policing and (3) community-oriented policing (or community policing). This is a crucial concept. We believe, in effect, that by embracing community-focused policing, the Lemont Police Department can launch a full-scale, sustainable, long-term transformation. Actions Taken: In short, the Hillard Heintze team conducted a strategic and comprehensive evaluation of the Department to identify high performing functions as well as areas that could be improved to transform the Lemont Police Department into a best-in-class model of a modern, suburban police department. This involved a six-step process outlined in the Introduction. Scope of Assessment: The study examined critical elements of Department management and operations, including strategy, accountability, communications, community-oriented policing and problem solving, patrol staffing and deployment, investigations, administration and the Lemont Emergency Management Agency (LEMA). Key Findings: As a result of this assessment, we have drawn six key findings. 1. Current Staffing Levels: The Lemont Police Department is staffed adequately to ensure a professional response to calls for service and major incidents while providing a safe and productive work environment for their officers. 2. Availability of Officers to Focus on the Community: The Village of Lemont’s low rate of calls for service allows sufficient discretionary time for officers to respond to citizen-generated calls for service and engage in a robust community-policing program. 3. Deficiencies in the Department’s Structure: The Department’s current structure is not well suited to a community-based approach to service delivery. With such low levels of crime in Lemont, the Department’s structure should be patrol focused with a stronger alignment of supervision, investigations and specialty positions to the visible uniform functions. 4. The Need to Shift the Community Focus from Project-Based to Strategy-Driven: While the Department has adopted a community-focused approach and has several successful programs such as neighborhood watch, the citizens’ police academy and school resource officers, its implementation relies heavily on only a few members of the Department. The Department needs to transform this approach from merely project-based to strategy-driven. 5. The Crucial Importance of Developing a Strategic Plan: The Department does not have a strategic plan or a clearly defined strategy for policing in place. It needs to establish a longterm strategic plan and a more data-driven approach to resource deployment that is developed with substantial community input. 6. Internal Communications and Personnel Development: The Department is lacking in a consistent message on strategy, communications, accountability and goal setting, much of which can be solved through the creation of a strategic plan and performance measurement program and improved communications. Recommendations: Key findings have emerged from this endeavor and our collective experience in leading, assessing and advising police agencies across the U.S. and in select international locations. The Hillard Heintze team has compiled a list of 24 actionable recommendations for the Lemont Police Department which are organized into six categories, including Patrol, Investigations, Administration, Strategic Planning, Communications and Organizational Structure. Final Considerations and Next Steps: We view the Lemont Police Department as confronting three critical challenges: the need to improve communications, involve the community and plan strategically. We suggest that the first step be to invite employees, members of the public and the business community to come together and begin a dialogue on these recommendations. This dialogue should determine the pathway that will determine how the Department is to evolve into a high performing agency. In order for this to unfold, the Police Chief, along with the Village Manager must lead, mentor and champion both the immediate and long-term value of a community-focused strategic planning initiative and lead the organization into a transformation that embraces a strategy-driven approach to decision making and thinking at every level. Details: Chicago: Hillard Heintze, 2011. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed March 30, 2013 at: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/Lemont.pdf Year: 2011 Country: United States URL: http://www.alexanderweissconsulting.com/pdf/Lemont.pdf Shelf Number: 128268 Keywords: Community Policing (Lemont, Illinois, U.S.)Police AdministrationPolice ReformPolice-Community RelationsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Verhage, Antoinette Title: Community Policing as a Police Strategy: Effects and Future Outlook Summary: COP as a police strategy has been widely discussed and commented, both in theory and in practice. Police research has indeed devoted a considerable amount of time in discussing the roots of this police strategy and in contemplating its effects. In this article, we aim to give the reader an overview of these discussions, focusing on the research into the effects of COP. After an introduction on COP as a police strategy and its backgrounds, we look at studies that have reviewed the impacts of this strategy on a number of levels: the impact on crime, on public opinion and on incivilities and fear of crime. These studies show that the research focus remains very narrow, looking at specific types of interventions, but often without taking the broader context into account. We conclude by referring to a number of positive results of community oriented policing and plead for more and specifically more long-term research into effects of police strategies and tactics. Details: Brussels: European Crime Prevention Network, 2012. 13p. Source: Internet Resource: EUCPN Thematic Paper Series, no. 3: Accessed April 5, 2013 at: www.eucpn.org/ Year: 2012 Country: Europe URL: Shelf Number: 128277 Keywords: Community Policine (Europe)Crime PreventionProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Hipple, Natalie Kroovand Title: Project Safe Neighborhoods Case Study Report: Southern District of Alabama Summary: In 2001 the Bush Administration made the reduction of gun crime one of the two major priorities of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ), along with defeating terrorism and enhancing homeland security. The vehicle tor translating this goal into action is Project Safe Neighborhoods (PSN). PSN represents a commitment to gun crime reduction through a network of local partnerships coordinated through the nation's 94 United States Attorneys Offices. These local partnerships are supported by a strategy to provide them with the resources that they need to be successful. The PSN initiative integrates five essential elements from successful gun crime reduction programs such as Richmond's Project Exile, the Boston Ceasefire Program and DOJ's Strategic Approaches to Community Safety Initiative (SACSJ). Those elements are: partnerships, strategic problem solving, outreach, training and accountability.' The strategic problem-solving component of PSN was enhanced through grants to local researchers to work in partnership with the PSN task force to analyze local gun crime patterns, to inform strategic interventions, and to provide feedback to the task force about program implementation and impact. At the national level, PSN included a grant to a research team at the School of Criminal Justice at Michigan State University (MSU) to provide support to the strategic problem-solving component as well as to conduct research on PSN implementation and impact. As part of its research role, MSU has produced a series of strategic case studies ofPSN interventions that have emerged in a number of jurisdictions across the country." The current report is part of a second series of studies focused on implementation of PSN in particular districts. The current study, focused on the Southern District of Alabama, is similar to the situation in the Middle District of Alabama. The PSN effort was initially focused on the major city within the district and relied on a strong partnership between the local police department and the U.S. Attorney's Oftice. The task force implemented a strategy that drew heavily on Project Exile and the core principles ofPSN. Once sites were identified, the MSU research team conducted site visits to learn more about PSN structure, implementation, and impact. Cooperative relationships between the local research partners and the MSU research team were established for the purpose of generating the case studies. This provided the benefit of the "deep knowledge" of the local research partners with the "independent eyes" of the national research team. This approach will continue to be employed through an ongoing series of case studies in additional PSN sites. Given this strategy, in effect a purposive sampling approach, the case studies cannot be considered representative of PSN in all 94 judicial districts. Rather, these are studies of PSN within specific sites. Through these studies, particularly as more and more case studies arc completed, complemented by evaluations conducted by local research partners, we hope to generate new knowledge about the adaptation of the national PSN program to local contexts as well as about the impact ofPSN on levels of gun crime in specific jurisdictions. Details: East Lansing, MI: School of Criminal Justice, Michigan State University, 2007. 37p. Source: Internet Resource: PSN Case Study Report #10: Accessed April 18, 2013 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/241728.pdf Year: 2007 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/grants/241728.pdf Shelf Number: 128418 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime PreventionGang ViolenceGun ViolenceNeighborhoods and Crime (U.S.)Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Barthe, Emmanuel P. Title: Reno, Nevada Smart Policing Initiative: Reducing Prescription Drug Abuse Summary: Prescription drugs are among the fastest growing form of drugs being abused in the United States, and Nevada ranks first among the 50 states in prevalence rates. The Reno Police Department and its research partner at the University of Nevada, Reno sought to reduce prescription drug abuse throughout the Reno community by achieving three goals: 1. Increase knowledge about the problem (Education/Prevention). 2. Reduce the number of prescription pills available for illicit use (Supply Reduction). 3. Aggressively investigate and prosecute offenders (Law Enforcement Suppression). The Bureau of Justice Assistance selected the Reno Police Department to receive funding through the Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) because their program reflected the core principles of SPI, most notably collaboration, comprehensive responses, and prevention. The foundation of the Reno SPI involves a collaborative partnership between the Reno Police Department, its research partner, and key stakeholders—including non-profit coalitions (e.g., a local substance abuse coalition called Join Together Northern Nevada), pharmacies, physicians, other healthcare professionals, school district personnel, and parents and their children. The Education/Prevention component of the Reno SPI included a school-based survey that captured prescription drug use patterns among students. Survey results helped to guide the development of an informational video that was shown to more than 1,100 students across six regional schools. The Reno SPI also included specialized training for police regarding the nature of prescription drug abuse; information on how to report prescription drug offenses more accurately; relevant criminal statutes and charging methods; and pill confiscation and identification. The SPI team also developed individualized training regarding various aspects of the prescription drug abuse problem for medical professionals (many of whom reported that they had not received such training previously), including physicians and nurses, pharmacists, and dentists. More than 530 medical professionals in the Reno area received the training. The centerpiece of the Supply Reduction component involved a series of prescription drug round-ups, in which more than 750,000 pills were collected and destroyed. The Reno SPI team also distributed 800 “MedSafe” locking medicine cabinets for home use, and distributed more than 100,000 educational stickers that pharmacies placed on prescription bags given to customers. The Law Enforcement Suppression component involved the assignment of a dedicated detective to handle all prescription drug abuse and fraud cases. The Reno SPI team also opened a phone line for the medical community to report suspicious or fraudulent behavior. Early results from the program evaluation suggest that progress has been made toward reducing the availability of prescription drugs in the Reno area. The Reno SPI highlights the importance of collaboration between law enforcement and other stakeholders to address this complex problem, most notably parents and their children, medical professionals, and the prosecutor’s office. The Reno Smart Policing Initiative has been recognized by the Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, and by the White House Office of National Drug Control Policy. Details: Alexandria, VA: CNA Analysis & Solutions, 2013. 11p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 24, 2013 at: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Reno_Program_Profile.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://www.cna.org/sites/default/files/research/Reno_Program_Profile.pdf Shelf Number: 129502 Keywords: Drug Abuse and AddictionDrug Abuse PreventionDrug OffendersPrescription Drug Abuse (U.S.)Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies Summary: This report, “Compstat: Its Origins, Evolution, and Future in Law Enforcement Agencies,” traces how Compstat came into being, how it changed as it spread to hundreds of police agencies across the country, and where it’s headed for the future. Begun 20 years ago in New York City, Compstat has become a part of the institutional DNA of policing. With support from the Bureau of Justice Assistance, PERF launched a project to assess how this happened. We conducted a survey of law enforcement agencies about their Compstat systems, and we held a national conference in which police executives and other experts described their experiences with Compstat. Then PERF conducted site visits in law enforcement agencies across the country, observing Compstat meetings and interviewing local officials. We found that law enforcement agencies have taken Compstat in different directions and to new levels of performance since it was first developed. Few policing innovations have been more transformative than Compstat. Compstat changed how police view crime problems. Instead of merely responding to crimes after they are committed, police expanded their mission to focus on preventing the next crime. Compstat helps to achieve that mission. Details: Washington, DC: Police Executive Research Forum, 2013. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 10, 2013 at: http://policeforum.org/library/compstat/Compstat.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://policeforum.org/library/compstat/Compstat.pdf Shelf Number: 129614 Keywords: Compstat (U.S.)Crime AnalysisPolice AdministrationPolice ManagementProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Ratcliffe, Jerry H. Title: Smart Policing Initiative: Final Report Summary: This report documents the experimental results from the Temple University sub-contractual part of the Smart Policing Initiative funding awarded the City of Philadelphia. This project was supported by Grant No. 2009-DG-BX-K021 awarded by the Bureau of Justice Assistance. The project centered on a randomized field experiment. The study was designed and conducted as part of a continuing research-practitioner partnership with the Philadelphia Police Department. The Police Commissioner and management team were actively involved in the planning of the experiment so that the experimental design would more closely approximate how hot spots policing would occur naturally in a large urban police department. As the Commissioner wrote in the city's crime fighting strategy; In today's economy, we must be smart and judicious about allocating police resources. Saturation patrol is not an informed solution to preventing or reducing a rising crime problem. We must understand what works, how it works, when it works, and where it works. The answers to these questions provide the foundation for "evidence-based" policing strategies. First, violent crime hotspots were delineated using spatial statistics. Violent crime point data were accessed from the city's 2009 incident database. Violent crime was defined as homicide, robbery, aggravated assault and misdemeanor assault. Two different local measures for detecting spatial association and concentration were applied: Local Indicator of Spatial Association (LISA) and Hierarchical Nearest Neighbor Clustering (HNN). Full details of the analysis strategy are found in the chapters that follow. A total of 81 mutually-exclusive target areas were identified, allowing 21 of these to be used as controls. Senior police commanders (District Captains) were asked to use their operational knowledge to delineate the final boundaries of deployment areas and to identify which type of intervention should be applied in each. They were asked to identify 27 areas suitable for foot patrol, 27 areas that would benefit from problem-solving and 27 areas where police would focus enforcement on violent repeat offenders. Police commanders drew deployment areas around the hot spots identified by the LISA and HNN analyses taking into consideration the street network and environmental features. The 81 deployment areas were then displayed on a new map. In subsequent meetings with the Regional Operations Commanders, the deployment areas' boundaries were revised to balance police operations with research priorities (e.g., achieving geographic separation of the target areas to allow for examination of displacement/diffusion effects). The final 81 hot spots were small, containing an average of 3 miles of streets and 23.5 intersections. The 81 hot spot deployment areas were stratified into three groups prior to randomization based on their pretest score on treatment suitability as qualitatively evaluated by police department commanders. Random assignment using a random number generator was performed separately for each stratum of 27 areas resulting in 20 areas being assigned to treatment and 7 to control. The three experimental areas were targeted for at least three months with, problem-oriented policing, offender-focused activity, or foot patrol. The report that follows documents the experimental results of the study, a pre-post survey of officers involved in the experiment, and a pre-post survey of residents in the experimental areas. Details: Philadelphia: Temple University, Center for Security and Crime Science, 2013. 92p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed August 11, 2014 at: http://webcastium.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Smart-1-final-report-Temple-University.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://webcastium.net/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/Smart-1-final-report-Temple-University.pdf Shelf Number: 132973 Keywords: Crime AnalysisCrime HotspotsFoot PatrolPolice PatrolPolicing InnovationsProblem-Oriented PolicingViolent Crime |
Author: Braga, Anthony A. Title: Managing the Group Violence Intervention: Using Shooting Scorecards to Track Group Violence Summary: This guide begins with a brief description of the shooting scorecard concept and its links to problem analysis and performance measurement systems in police departments. It then presents the key steps in the process and associated data quality issues and then details the use of shooting scorecards by the Boston Police Department as an example of the practical applications of this approach. Group shooting scorecards identify the criminal groups that commit the highest number shootings and experience the greatest number of shooting victimizations during a specific time period. With this information, shooting scorecards support the implementation of focused deterrence strategies to prevent group-involved violence. They also ensure that police departments appropriately focus scarce resources on the groups that consistently generate the most gun violence. The most violent groups then receive systematic considered for focused interventions, such as the National Network for Safe Communities' Group Violence Intervention in which a partnership of community members, law enforcement, and social service providers delivers a "no violence" message, information about legal consequences for further violence, and an offer of help. Managing the Group Violence Intervention: Using Shooting Scorecards to Track Group Violence begins with a brief description of the shooting scorecard concept and its links to problem analysis and performance measurement systems in police departments. It then presents the key steps in the process and associated data quality issues and then details the use of shooting scorecards by the Boston Police Department as an example of the practical applications of this approach. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2014. 52p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed April 23, 2015 at: http://nnscommunities.org/uploads/Shooting_Scorecards_Guide.pdf Year: 2014 Country: United States URL: http://nnscommunities.org/uploads/Shooting_Scorecards_Guide.pdf Shelf Number: 135369 Keywords: Focused DeterrenceGun-Related ViolenceProblem AnalysisProblem-Oriented PolicingViolent Crime |
Author: Katz, Charles M. Title: Exploring the Gang Problem in Redlands, CA: An Evaluation of a Problem Solving Partnership Summary: In the late 1990s, violence, drugs, and gangs within schools became a major subject of interest among residents, public officials, and law enforcement officers. This was largely a consequence of the school shootings in Jonesboro, Arkansas, West Paducah, Kentucky, and Littleton, Colorado. However, concern about school safety was also fueled by increased recognition that school crime is not a rare event. For example, among 12-18 year old students in 1998 roughly 1.2 million students were the victims of a violent crime and 2.8 million students were the victims of a theft while at school. School crime was not limited to students. In 1998, about 133,700 violent crimes and 217,400 thefts were committed against teachers. Several consequences have resulted from the increased criminal activities taking place within the nation's schools. For example, roughly 7 percent of students nation-wide take a weapon to school at least once a month, many for protection, putting themselves and others at-risk. Similarly, these behavior problems have led to increased classroom disruptions (Small and Tetrick, 2001), increased school absences (Toby, 1995), and increased fear of crime while in school (Kenney and Watson, 1999). As a result, several policymakers have called for swift action to address school related crime and disorder. One increasingly popular response has been the implementation of school-based problem solving. In 1998, the Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) funded the School-Based Partnerships (SBP) program, which encouraged local police agencies to work with their local schools to engage in proactive problem-oriented policing to keep school aged youth safe from violence, crime, and disorder. In 1998 and 1999 over 355 local police agencies received about $32 million under this program (Uchida, 1999: 1). Agencies involved in the program were required to use problem solving strategies to identify and understand the causes of problems, apply data-driven responses, and evaluate the impact of their efforts. To ensure that projects were manageable agencies were asked to concentrate their efforts on one school in their jurisdiction and focus their response to one problem type (i.e., bullying, drugs, assault, theft etc.) (Varano and Bezdikian, 2001). Through a cooperative agreement with the COPS Office, 21st Century Solutions, Inc. conducted the national assessment of the School-Based Partnership (SBP) program. As part of this evaluation five police agencies were selected for intensive case study. This research report focuses on one of these sites - Redlands, California. In this report we describe the problem solving processes used by the Redlands Police Department to identify and respond to school-based problems, and evaluate the effectiveness of the strategy. Details: Silver Spring, MD: 21st Century Solutions, 2002. 60p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed July 16, 2015 at: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/school_based/Redlands_CA.pdf Year: 2002 Country: United States URL: http://www.cops.usdoj.gov/pdf/school_based/Redlands_CA.pdf Shelf Number: 136080 Keywords: GangsProblem-Oriented PolicingSchool Crimes |
Author: Braga, Anthony A. Title: Crime and Policing Revisited Summary: This paper outlines the stark differences in the nature of police crime control conversations between the first convening of the Executive Session on Policing (1985-1991) and the second (2008-2014) resulting from an unprecedented growth in rigorous evaluation research on what works in police crime prevention. The author provides an overview of what was known about the police and crime prevention at the time of the first Executive Session; what was proposed then as promising new ways for the police to reduce crime; and the research conducted during the 1990s and 2000s that examined the efficacy of these ideas. Finally, the paper concludes by offering two central ideas on continuing effective police crime prevention policies and practices suggested by participants of the second Executive Session and supported by existing research evidence Details: Washington, DC: U.S. National Institute of Justice; and Cambridge, MA: Harvard Kennedy School, Program in Criminal Justice, Policy and Management, 2015. 32p. Source: Internet Resource: New Perspectives in Policing: Internet Resource: Accessed September 21, 2015 at: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/248888.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United States URL: https://www.ncjrs.gov/pdffiles1/nij/248888.pdf Shelf Number: 136836 Keywords: Community Policing Crime Prevention Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Higgins, Andy Title: Safe as Houses? Crime an Changing Tenure Patterns Summary: The Police Foundation's Police Effectiveness in a Changing World project seeks to identify how the police, working with other agencies and the public, can effectively tackle crime at a time when both the context in which it occurs, and the resources available to address it, are changing rapidly. Working in Luton and Slough - two English towns that have felt the local impacts of global change acutely - the project aims to develop locally-tailored, evidence-based solutions to persistent crime problems, which are responsive to the local effects of socio-economic, technological and geo-political change. In doing so, it seeks to better understand the impacts these changes are having on public services tasked with tackling crime and associated social problems. The project has taken a problem-oriented approach. A preliminary scanning phase focused attention on two challenging neighbourhoods in each town and on the most relevant crime problems - violence in Slough and burglary in Luton - before a multi-method research and analysis phase sought out new insights and perspectives on these local issues, to inform new ways of responding to them. In both towns, analysis suggested that housing factors, particularly the prevalence of lower quality, privately rented accommodation, were relevant to understanding the contemporary drivers of the crime problems being faced. In Luton, higher rates of private renting were found to be associated with local area burglary rates. Although the predictive value is modest, over the longer term, the amount of private renting accounted for more of the variance in neighbourhood burglary rates than deprivation, employment, social renting or any of the other socio-demographic Census variables available for analysis. As well as deprivation and overcrowding, neighbourhood burglary rates were also found to correlate with population growth, the proportion of residents born outside of the UK and (negatively) with the proportion of households comprising families. These findings led us to consider whether there were deficits of home security at the lower-cost end of the local private rented sector and whether these transient areas with 'churning' tenant populations might lack the community resources to resist criminal predation. In Slough, analysis drew attention to the sizable proportion of violent crime that, although not domestic violence, occurred within residential dwellings. In one neighbourhood this was found to be associated, in part, with the proliferation of Houses in Multiple Occupation (HMOs), leading to the hypothesis that the particular stresses and insecurities of living in low-quality, crowded accommodation, with shared facilities and little or no choice of co-habitees, may increase the risk that incidents of violent crime occur. These considerations prompted a number of questions as the project turned to designing new crime reduction initiatives; how could Luton's private landlords be encouraged to invest in proper home security for their properties? Could anything be done to persuade landlords to value longer-term tenancies so that tenants stay in an area for longer and communities might establish firmer roots and become more resilient? How could 'tinder-box' conditions inside Slough's HMOs be defused and landlords encouraged to take more interest in - and responsibility for - what goes on within their properties and the local neighbourhood? The lack of encouraging answers, and the paucity of options available to local community safety partners faced with the task of mitigating the harmful by-products of some elements of the private rented sector (PRS), provide the 'jumping off point' for this paper. Details: London: The Police Foundation, 2015. 64p. Source: Internet Resource: Police Effectiveness in a Changing World Project: Accessed September 30, 2015 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/housing_and_crime_final.pdf Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/uploads/holding/projects/housing_and_crime_final.pdf Shelf Number: 136896 Keywords: Crime PreventionEvidence-Based PracticesHousing and CrimeNeighborhoods and CrimePolice EffectivenessProblem-Oriented PolicingSocioeconomic Conditions and Crime |
Author: Smith, Martha J. Title: Using Civil Actions Against Property to Control Crime Problems Summary: This guide addresses the use of civil remedies to control and prevent crime and disorder occurring at real-property locations, such as individual addresses or geographical areas. In general, the focus of the enforcement is not usually the potential offender, but rather someone who has control over property that has been, or might be, used in the commission of a crime. The civil remedy may be used in place of-or often in tandem with - criminal penalties as a coercive incentive for the person (or business) who is the focus of the potential remedy to do (or refrain from doing) a particular thing. Focusing on the underlying crime opportunities provided at a particular place helps to limit the frustrations involved in revolving-door policing (i.e., offense commission, calls for service, arrest, conviction on a minor charge, release, and repeat). This guide provides general explanations about the types of civil remedies that you can use to address crime at particular places and points out a number of issues you should consider before using these remedies. Examples of placed-focused civil remedies are set out in the main text, and in Appendixes C and D. These remedies can be used to control a variety of crime opportunities focused on places, depending on the particular type of civil remedy used and the language set out in the legal regulations themselves, which differ across jurisdictions. While a number of different types of crime problems that can benefit from the use of civil remedies are mentioned in this guide, two types of crime-and-place problems have been highlighted - drug-related crime in housing (particularly government-run or supported housing) and alcohol-related crime and disorder in and around licensed premises (i.e., bars, pubs, and clubs). Appendixes C and D summarize some of the key features of prevention schemes addressing these two crime problems, providing examples of situations in which they have been used both successfully and unsuccessfully. Historically, these problem places have been the focus of close government regulation, and the prevention schemes set out here reflect the use of existing statutory powers as well as the development of new regulatory mechanisms. Many, but not all of these, used the SARA approach of problem-oriented policing to frame the steps taken to address the problems. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2013. 84p. Source: Internet Resource: Response Guides Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police, no. 11: Accessed July 20, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p277-pub.pdf Year: 2013 Country: United States URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p277-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139750 Keywords: Civil RemediesCrime PreventionProblem-Oriented PolicingProperty Crimes |
Author: Tilley, Nick Title: Analyzing and Responding to Repeat Offending Summary: A wide range of research converges on the following findings about criminal offenders: Some level of participation in criminal activity is normal, especially during adolescence and among males. Almost all citizens act dishonestly, commit crimes, and behave in antisocial ways at some point in their lives. Most will have committed more than one crime. Most people offend infrequently and soon age out of committing crime. Involvement in criminal behavior peaks in adolescence (ages 1417) and then generally fades rapidly. A much smaller number of persistent and prolific offenders are responsible for a substantial proportion of all crime. Roughly half the crimes committed can be attributed to those identified as prolific offenders. Males commit far more offenses than females do, but even among female offenders, a small percentage commits a hugely disproportionate number of the offenses. That a small fraction of offenders commits a large fraction of crime may come as no surprise to most police officers. The breadth of low-levels of offending and the proportion of crime attributable to those involved in it may not be so widely understood. There are two general theories of repeat offending patterns. One theory is that some people are highly disposed to behave criminally, and this leads them to sustained criminal careers in which they offend frequently. These "lifetime persistent" offenders begin offending early and have long crime careers. They are distinguished from "adolescent limited" offenders, who start later and finish earlier, as the name suggests. Another theory suggests that one criminal act begets another. That is, involvement in one crime increases the probability of further offending. For example, someone convicted of a crime finds it more difficult to resume a law-abiding life, either because they have fewer job opportunities or because they are shunned by normally law-abiding members of the community. Therefore, they persist in criminal behavior and associate with others who are in a similar position. It might also be that the rewards of successfully committing crime reinforce the criminal behavior and make persistent offending more likely. A wide range of research converges on the following findings about criminal offenders: Some level of participation in criminal activity is normal, especially during adolescence and among males. Almost all citizens act dishonestly, commit crimes, and behave in antisocial ways at some point in their lives. Most will have committed more than one crime. Most people offend infrequently and soon age out of committing crime. Involvement in criminal behavior peaks in adolescence (ages 14-17) and then generally fades rapidly. A much smaller number of persistent and prolific offenders are responsible for a substantial proportion of all crime. Roughly half the crimes committed can be attributed to those identified as prolific offenders. Males commit far more offenses than females do, but even among female offenders, a small percentage commits a hugely disproportionate number of the offenses. That a small fraction of offenders commits a large fraction of crime may come as no surprise to most police officers. The breadth of low-levels of offending and the proportion of crime attributable to those involved in it may not be so widely understood. There are two general theories of repeat offending patterns. One theory is that some people are highly disposed to behave criminally, and this leads them to sustained criminal careers in which they offend frequently. These "lifetime persistent" offenders begin offending early and have long crime careers. They are distinguished from "adolescent limited" offenders, who start later and finish earlier, as the name suggests. Another theory suggests that one criminal act begets another. That is, involvement in one crime increases the probability of further offending. For example, someone convicted of a crime finds it more difficult to resume a law-abiding life, either because they have fewer job opportunities or because they are shunned by normally law-abiding members of the community. Therefore, they persist in criminal behavior and associate with others who are in a similar position. It might also be that the rewards of successfully committing crime reinforce the criminal behavior and make persistent offending more likely. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, 2016. 60p. Source: Internet Resource:Problem-Solving Tools Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police: Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://www.popcenter.org/tools/PDFs/Analyzing_Responding_Repeat_Offending.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://www.popcenter.org/tools/PDFs/Analyzing_Responding_Repeat_Offending.pdf Shelf Number: 139923 Keywords: Habitual OffendersProblem-Oriented PolicingProlific OffendersRepeat OffendersRepeat Offending |
Author: Scott, Michael S. Title: Identifying and Defining Policing Problems Summary: This Problem-Solving Tools guidebook deals with the process of identifying and defining policing problems. Under the most widely adopted police problem-solving model-the SARA (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment) model-the process of identifying and defining policing problems is referred to as the Scanning phase. The Scanning phase is distinct fr om the Analysis phase, which principally is about explaining the problem's causes and contributing factors; the Response phase, which is about developing, selecting, and implementing new responses to the problem; and the Assessment phase, which principally is about measuring the impact that new responses had on the problem. The advice provided in this guidebook is based primarily upon theory and practice: there is no evaluative research into what methods most accurately and efficiently identify and define policing problems. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community-Oriented Policing, 2016. 88p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Solving Tools Series Problem-Oriented Guides for Police No. 13 : Accessed August 1, 2016 at: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p323-pub.pdf Year: 2016 Country: International URL: http://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-p323-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 139924 Keywords: Police ResponseProblem SolvingProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Dario, Lisa M. Title: Crime at Convenience Stores: Assessing an In-Depth Problem-Oriented Policing Initiative Summary: Problem-oriented policing (POP) dynamically addresses unique community issues in a way that allows police departments to be cost-effective and efficient. POP draws upon routine activities and rational choice theories, at times incorporating elements of crime prevention through environmental design. A recent systematic review found POP to be hugely popular, but not rigorously assessed or implemented. In 2009, the Glendale, Arizona Police Department and researchers from Arizona State University received funding through the Bureau of Justice Assistance's (BJA) Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) to target crime at convenience stores through a problem-oriented policing approach. The Glendale SPI team devised an approach that mirrored the ideals put forth by Goldstein (1990), and provided a thorough undertaking of the SARA model. A comprehensive response plan was developed with several proposed responses, including: intervention with Circle K leadership, suppression, and prevention at the six highest-activity stores. Despite a thorough POP implementation, the initial descriptive evaluation of the Glendale SPI reported positive effects on crime, but left questions about the intervention's long-term impact on convenience store crime in Glendale, Arizona. The policy and theoretical influence of the initiative warrants a more rigorous evaluation. Supplanting the original assessment, a difference in difference model, negative binomial regression, and relative effect size are calculated to ascertain the SPI's long-term effects on target and comparison stores. Phi and weighted displacement quotient are calculated to determine the existence of displacement of crime or diffusion of benefits. Overall, results indicate support for the project's effectiveness on crime reduction. Further, none of the six intervention stores experienced crime displacement. Five of the six stores, however, experienced a diffusion of benefits in the surrounding 500-yard area; that is, a crime reduction was observed at the intervention stores and in the surrounding areas of five of these stores. Disorder and property crimes at the targeted stores were most affected by the intervention. One of the intervention stores did experience an increase in violent crime, however. Future studies should strengthen the methodological design when evaluating POP projects and seek to flesh out more precisely the crime control effects of unique problem-oriented strategies. Details: Tempe, AZ: Arizona State University, 2016. 158p. Source: Internet Resource: Dissertation: Accessed November 1, 2016 at: https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/170676/content/Dario_asu_0010E_16050.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://repository.asu.edu/attachments/170676/content/Dario_asu_0010E_16050.pdf Shelf Number: 145774 Keywords: CPTEDCrime PreventionDesign Against CrimeProblem-Oriented PolicingRetail TheftShoplifting |
Author: Police Executive Research Forum Title: PTO: an overview and introduction. A Problem-Based Learning Manual for Training and Evaluating Police Trainees Summary: Community-oriented policing and problem solving (COPPS) has quickly become the philosophy and daily practice of progressive police agencies around the country. Police administrators have come to recognize the ineffectiveness of incident-driven policing as well as the economic costliness of random patrol, rapid response, and post-crime investigation. Officers racing from call to call may have appeal on television, but it does not provide effective policing. In their implementation of COPPS, police executives have voiced a common concern about training, especially post-academy field training for new officers. Post-academy field training has not emphasized or promoted COPPS concepts and behaviors. To address this deficiency, the U.S. Department of Justice Office of Community Oriented Policing Services (COPS) funded the development of an alternative national model for field training that would incorporate community policing and problem-solving principles. To accomplish the objective, the Reno, Nevada, Police Department partnered with the Police Executive Research Forum (PERF). The result of their collaboration is a new training program called the Police Training Officer (PTO) program. It incorporates contemporary methods in adult education and a version of the problem-based learning (PBL) method of teaching adapted for police. Most importantly, it serves to ensure that academy graduates' first exposure to the real world is one that reflects policing in the 21st century. The main objectives of the PTO program are as follows: - To formulate learning opportunities for new officers that meet or exceed the training needs of the policing agency and the expectations of the community; - To have trainees apply their academy learning to the community environment by giving them reallife problem-solving activities; - To foster the trainee's growing independence from the Police Training Officer (PTO) over the course of the program; - To produce graduates of the training program who are capable of providing responsible, community-focused police services; - To prepare trainees to use a problem-solving approach throughout their careers by employing problem-based learning (PBL) methods; - To design fair and consistent evaluations that address a trainee's skills, knowledge, and ability to problem solve effectively. Details: Washington, DC: Community Oriented Policing Services : Police Executive Research Forum, 2001, 50p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0150-pub.pdf Year: 2001 Country: United States URL: https://ric-zai-inc.com/Publications/cops-w0150-pub.pdf Shelf Number: 146060 Keywords: Community-Oriented PolicingPolice AcademyPolice Education and TrainingPolice PerformancePolice RecruitsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Seattle Community Police Commission Title: An Assessment of the Seattle Police Department's Community Engagement: Through Recruitment, Hiring, and Training Summary: In the July 27, 2012, MOU between DOJ and the City of Seattle, the CPC was charged with conducting an assessment of the community's "experiences with and perceptions of SPD's community outreach, engagement, and problem-oriented policing." Community engagement is a complex topic that means different things to different people. After collecting feedback across Seattle to gain direction (see Appendix I, Parts A-C), the CPC distilled the comments into 10 topics for potential analysis within the larger theme of community engagement (see Appendix I, Part D). We then prioritized three of the topics based on our understanding of the interests and concerns of the constituencies we represent. This report documents our findings from one of those topics, namely, whether SPD's policies and practices in recruitment, hiring, and training of officers promote positive engagement with people from racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities. The CPC prioritized the study of recruitment, hiring, and training because it emerged as a central community concern across all demographics. In addition, SPD is in the middle of a hiring surge, and we hoped our assessment would ultimately inform the department's practices. Specifically, we are studying SPD's policies and practices as they may affect its relations with racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities. Certainly, the CPC recognizes the importance of studying other historically underrepresented communities. Provided that we have the resources necessary, we plan to carry out future assessments along these lines. The other two topics that were prioritized and flagged for immediate study regard communications and the formal channels available to racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities to provide input to SPD, and the communication structures employed by SPD to provide output to those communities. Findings on those topics will be released in the spring of 2016. This report, meanwhile, broadly addresses the question of whether SPD's policies and practices for recruitment, hiring, and training are sufficient to assure that its personnel reflect, understand, and engage with the many racial, ethnic, immigrant, and refugee communities it serves. This is a very expansive area to cover, and our report does not have all the answers. Nevertheless, it attempts to shed light on strengths, weaknesses, and opportunities for improvement. This report does not offer any recommendations; rather, those will be formulated in the coming months in collaboration with the community and SPD. We have pursued information about the racial makeup of SPD and how it compares to the City of Seattle's population, how SPD's congruity in racial composition compares to that of other cities, the department's current goals for increasing diversity in new hires in the midst of a hiring surge, and how SPD handles recruitment and hiring with regard to racial/ethnic candidates. We have also considered whether there are unnecessary barriers for such candidates moving through the multiple hurdles of the application and selection process and whether there is identifiable attrition. In addition, we have recounted many of the expressed concerns within the communities where we conducted interviews and listening sessions. Finally, we have examined SPD's training of new officers to evaluate the level of focus placed on developing community engagement and cultural competency skills. Details: Seattle: The Commission, 2016. 48p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed June 12, 2017 at: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/CommunityPoliceCommission/CPC_Report_on_SPD_Community_Engagement.pdf Year: 2016 Country: United States URL: https://www.seattle.gov/Documents/Departments/CommunityPoliceCommission/CPC_Report_on_SPD_Community_Engagement.pdf Shelf Number: 146061 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Education and TrainingPolice Policies and PracticesPolice RecruitmentPolice-Community InteractionsPolice-Community RelationsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: McCombs, Jonathan W. Title: Problem based learning in law enforcement in-service training: A study of use of force Summary: The use of force by the police has been a topic of interest among academics and among American society. Police training has long been a factor that has been considered when administrators, policymakers, or society at-large considers the acts of force utilized by the police. The amount of training has been studied with a negative correlation between the number of training hours and the number of use of force incidents. Problem-based learning (PBL) has been utilized in the health professions and to some degree in law enforcement pre-service academies. This study measured the use of force incidents and different types of in-service training provided. This test of constructivist learning theory posits that the type of training utilized can have an effect on the number of use of force incidents. The results showed that for every hour of PBL, the number of use of force incidents decreased by 17 incidents in the Columbus, OH Division of Police. The ordinary least squares regression model accounted for the unemployment rate and crime rate as community factors and the hours of problem-based learning training and the mean officer experience as organizational factors in the analysis. Details: Capella University, 2015. 69p. Source: Internet Resource: Thesis: Accessed June 14, 2017 at: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1695261727?pq-origsite=gscholar Year: 2015 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://search.proquest.com/docview/1695261727?pq-origsite=gscholar Shelf Number: 146174 Keywords: Community PolicingPolice Education and TrainingPolice Use of ForceProblem-Oriented policing |
Author: Braga, Anthony A. Title: Boston, Massachusetts, Smart Policing Initiative II: Improving Homicide Clearance Rates: The Value of Analysis to Guide Investments in Investigative Policies and Practices Summary: Since the mid-2000s, homicide clearance rates in Boston have been substantially lower than national homicide clearance rates. Between 2004 and 2011, about 44 percent of homicides investigated by the Boston Police Department (BPD) homicide unit were cleared, compared with some 63 percent of homicides investigated by U.S. law enforcement agencies nationwide. With the support of U.S. Bureau of Justice Assistance (BJA) Smart Policing Initiative (SPI) funds, BPD engaged in a problem-oriented policing enterprise to understand the underlying nature of its homicide clearance problem, develop appropriate responses to enhance its investigations of homicide victimizations, and evaluate the impact of the implemented intervention. The problem analysis included an investigation of 314 homicide victimizations from 2007 to 2011, as well as the creation of a homicide advisory committee that identified gaps in its investigative processes and suggested best practices, drawing especially on the United Kingdom model. Using the results from the problem analysis, in January 2012, the Boston SPI team implemented a multipronged response (Boston SPI II) to improve BPD homicide clearances, including expanding homicide unit staff by more than one-third (35.7 percent), providing extensive additional training in cutting-edge investigative and forensic science techniques, developing and implementing standardized investigative protocols citywide, and holding monthly peer review sessions to discuss all open homicide investigations. The Boston SPI team conducted a comprehensive evaluation of the homicide clearance intervention. Results yielded several positive findings, including the following: - In every measured category, BPD increased resources dedicated and investigative activities undertaken (some but not all improvements were statistically significant). - The homicide clearance rate rose by 10-18 percent (unadjusted and adjusted, respectively, depending on inclusion of cases awaiting grand jury decision). This increase was statistically significant. - The improvement in Boston's homicide clearance was not observed in the rest of Massachusetts or nationally. - Advanced statistical analysis showed that the intervention was associated with statistically significant increases in the probability of clearance. The Boston SPI II offers several important lessons for law enforcement agencies seeking to improve their homicide clearance rates. The Boston intervention demonstrates the value of enhancing investigative resources and of adopting a comprehensive resource mindset rather than focusing on one particular resource. The Boston SPI II also demonstrates the effectiveness of the problem-oriented policing approach for analyzing and identifying problems with homicide investigative processes, developing responses to those problems, and assessing the impact of the responses. Details: Arlington, VA: CNA Analysis and Solutions, 2017. 19p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed September 1, 2017 at: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/default/files/Boston%20SPI%20Spotlight%20%282017%29%20FINAL.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United States URL: http://www.smartpolicinginitiative.com/sites/default/files/Boston%20SPI%20Spotlight%20%282017%29%20FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 146993 Keywords: Crime Analysis Criminal Investigation Homicides Police Effectiveness Problem-Oriented PolicingSmart Policing Initiative Violent Crime |
Author: San Francisco. Office of the Controller. City Services Auditor Title: CompStat Review Summary: The Controller's Office review focuses on the process for collecting, analyzing and reporting the 28-Day Part 1 Crime Profile. The goal of the review is to provide recommendations to ensure the consistency and transparency in crime reporting. Details: San Francisco: Office of the Controller, 2012. 70p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed October 5, 2017 at: http://sfcontroller.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/2878-SFPD_CompStat_Memo_FINAL.pdf Year: 2012 Country: United States URL: http://sfcontroller.org/sites/default/files/FileCenter/Documents/2878-SFPD_CompStat_Memo_FINAL.pdf Shelf Number: 147584 Keywords: Compstat (U.S.) Crime Analysis Police Administration Police Management Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Chapman, John Title: Police Effectiveness in a Changing World: Slough site report Summary: Between 2011 and 2015, the Police Foundation's Police Effectiveness in a Changing World research team worked closely with the police and their community safety partners in Luton and Slough - two English towns that had experienced the local impact of global change particularly acutely. This is one of two concluding reports from the project which details the process, experience and research findings from Slough. The research started with a problem orientated, multi-agency approach to tackling violence. Using action research we took a problem-oriented approach by identifying local crime problems, improving the way they were understood and developing interventions to tackle them. Then we assessed the outcomes of these and the challenges of implementing them. Throughout the project we drew on the wider evidence-base on police effectiveness to promote local partnerships, to better deal with the 'changing world' and to find sustainable solutions to local crime problems. Most importantly we sought to learn lessons from the process of working with forces on the ground. Details: London: Police Foundation, 2017. 138p. Source: Internet Resource: Accessed February 2, 2018 at: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/slough_site_report.pdf Year: 2017 Country: United Kingdom URL: http://www.police-foundation.org.uk/2017/wp-content/uploads/2017/12/slough_site_report.pdf Shelf Number: 148978 Keywords: Crime PreventionPolice EffectivenessPolice PerformancePolice ReformProblem-Oriented PolicingViolenceViolence Prevention |
Author: Cordner, Gary Title: People with Mental Illness Summary: Problems associated with people with mental illness pose a significant challenge for modern policing. This guide begins by describing the problem and reviewing factors that increase the challenges that police face in relation to the mentally ill. It then identifies a series of questions that might help you analyze your local policing problems associated with people with mental illness. Finally, it reviews responses to the problems and what we know about these from evaluative research and police practice. Police officers frequently encounter people with mental illness-approximately 5 percent of U.S. residents have a serious mental illness, and 10 to 15 percent of jailed people have severe mental illness. An estimated 7 percent of police contacts in jurisdictions with 100,000 or more people involve the mentally ill. A three-city study found that 92 percent of patrol officers had at least one encounter with a mentally ill person in crisis in the previous month, and officers averaged six such encounters per month. The Lincoln (Nebraska) Police Department found that it handled over 1,500 mental health investigation cases in 2002, and that it spent more time on these cases than on injury traffic accidents, burglaries, or felony assaults.5 The New York City Police Department responds to about 150,000 "emotionally disturbed persons" calls per year. It is important to recognize at the outset that mental illness is not, in and of itself, a police problem. Obviously, it is a medical and social services problem. However, a number of the problems caused by or associated with people with mental illness often do become police problems. These include crimes, suicides, disorder, and a variety of calls for service. Moreover, the traditional police response to people with mental illness has often been ineffective, and sometimes tragic. Over the last decade, many police agencies have sought to improve their response to incidents involving people with mental illness, especially emergency mental health situations. These new developments, however, have been targeted almost exclusively at improved handling of individual incidents. Little attention has been devoted to developing or implementing a comprehensive and preventive approach to the issue. Details: Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing, 2006. 82p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series; No. 40: Accessed February 5, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/PDFs/MentalIllness.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/PDFs/MentalIllness.pdf Shelf Number: 102305 Keywords: Mental Health Services Mentally Ill Offenders Mentally Ill Persons Problem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Newman, Graeme R. Title: The Exploitation of Trafficked Women Summary: This guide begins by describing the problem of exploiting women who have been trafficked into the United States, and the aspects of human trafficking that contribute to it. Throughout the guide, the word "trafficked" shall mean internationally trafficked, unless otherwise stated. Additionally, the guide's focus is on the final period in the process of trafficking at which women are further exploited by those into whose hands they are passed. This is the point at which human trafficking becomes a problem for local police and so the guide identifies a series of questions that can help analyze local problems related to trafficking. Finally, it reviews responses to the exploitation of trafficked women and examines what is known about the effectiveness of these responses from research and police practice. Concern about the exploitation of women who have been trafficked into the United States derives from the international issues of human trafficking and slavery. The characteristics of international human trafficking, including the profits, resemble those of the international drug trade. In the United States, until the passage of the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) in 2000, human trafficking was approached as an immigration problem, which meant that police viewed trafficking as a federal rather than a local responsibility. The TVPA clarified the definition of human trafficking-a particularly difficult problem, as will be seen below- and introduced a number of important protections for trafficked individuals (see Box 1). The TVPA defines two forms of severe human trafficking: a. "...sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age." b. "...the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery." Because some 70 percent of internationally trafficked women end up in the sex trade, the effect of the TVPA is to define many such women as crime victims rather than criminals. Whether pressed into forced labor or prostitution, the exploitation of these individuals is continued upon entry into the United States, whether in the same hands of those who trafficked them, or whether passed on to others who profit from commercial sex or cheap, often forced, labor. The TVPA does not require that a trafficked person be actually transported anywhere; it simply requires that the victim's freedom be constrained by force, fraud or coercion. The focus of this guide, however, is on those women who are transported into the United States for the purposes of commercial sex or forced labor. Details: U.S. Department of Justice, Office of Community Oriented Policing Services, Center for Problem-Oriented Policing 2006. 98p. Source: Internet Resource: Problem-Oriented Guides for Police; Problem-Specific Guides Series; No. 38; Accessed February 5, 2018 at: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/ExploitTraffickedWomen.pdf Year: 2006 Country: United States URL: http://www.popcenter.org/problems/pdfs/ExploitTraffickedWomen.pdf Shelf Number: 102303 Keywords: Forced LaborHuman TraffickingModern SlaveryProblem-Oriented PolicingSex TraffickingSexual Exploitation |
Author: Bowers, Kate J. Title: Spatial displacement and diffusion of benefits among geographically focused policing initiatives Summary: What happens to surrounding neighborhoods when more police are put in high crime areas? Do criminals just move to nearby neighborhoods or do the crime-fighting benefits spread? A systematic review of international research finds that increasing police presence in problem areas not only reduces crime in those areas, but can also lead to less crime in nearby areas. A common criticism of focused policing efforts (such as hotspots policing, 'crackdowns', or problem-oriented policing) is that it does not address the root causes of crime; criminals just move to another neighborhood. This is known as 'crime displacement'. Criminal activity can in fact shift in a number of different ways. It can move from one neighborhood to another, the time of day crime occurs can change, different targets may be chosen, how the crime is commited may change (e.g. breaking windows versus picking locks). There can be changes in the type of offences committed and in the people engaging in crime (new offenders replace old). In theory, these kinds of changes in criminal activity can cancel out the benefits of increased police efforts in problem areas. It has also been argued, however, that increasing police presence in one area can have positive effects for nearby areas. There can be a 'bonus effect' of a reduction in crime in nearby neighborhoods. It is important to consider both negative and positive side effects of focused policing when deciding on policing strategies. This review includes 44 studies. The majority of the studies are from the USA (30) but studies from the United Kingdom (10) Sweden (3) and Australia (1) are also included. Each study evaluates a focused policing intervention which was limited to a physical area (smaller than a city/region), uses some quantitative measure of crime, and reports original research findings. The studies evaluate a broad range of interventions implemented in different contexts, including Problem-Orientated Policing (12), Police Crackdowns (10), Police Patrols (7), Community-oriented policing (5) and Hotspot policing (4). This review focuses on two primary outcomes: the effect of focused policing on crime levels in the target neighborhood; and the effect of focused policing on nearby neighborhoods. A meta-analysis of sixteen studies to examine the effect on the target neighborhood shows that focused policing reduces crime in the target neighborhood. The evidence also indicates that when focused policing is implemented, crime levels change in nearby areas more than would be expected if there was no focused policing in the target neighbourhood. The weight of the evidence shows that crime is reduced in these areas. This suggests that focused policing is more likely to result in a spread of crime control benefit than simply moving criminals to the closest neighbourhood. Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2011. 147p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Reviews, 2011:3: Accessed March 19, 2018 at: https://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library/geographically-focused-policing.html Year: 2011 Country: International URL: https://www.campbellcollaboration.org/library/geographically-focused-policing.html Shelf Number: 149524 Keywords: Crime DisplacementFocused PolicingHigh Crime AreasHotspots of CrimePolice CrackdownsProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Steinberg, Jonny Title: Sector Policing on the West Rand: Three Case Studies Summary: In December 2003 SAPS National Commissioner Jackie Selebi issued a Draft National Instruction on sector policing. This monograph examines how sector policing has been interpreted and implemented on the West Rand. Sectors in the three station precincts are studied - Randfontein, Roodepoort and Kagiso. Sector policing - international and domestic context Sector policing emerged in the early 1970s as one among a host of experiments to address a crisis in American policing. Police leaders and scholars had gone right back to basics and asked what it is that the police do to reduce crime. The endeavour to answer this question has produced a host of policing innovations in the last 30 years. These innovations can be divided into four categories: 1) hotspot or targeted patrolling, 2) controlling risk factors, 3) problem-oriented policing (POP), and 4) community policing (COP). Sector policing is an eclectic composite. It includes COP and POP as its core, definitional components, but it usually includes targeted patrolling and risk factor identification as well. COP is a form of policing that mobilises civilians into crime prevention projects. It has been successful when trained on specific problems. POP borrows from the philosophy of public health interventions and applies it to policing. It 'vaccinates' an area against micro-crime patterns by identifying and managing their causes. The form sector policing takes is shaped in no small part by the host policing culture that receives it. In recent years, South African policing has been characterised by a strong, active national centre, and uneven policing on the ground. The SAPS has come increasingly to rely on high density, high visibility paramilitary policing operations - precisely the sort of policing that a force with a strong centre and weak personnel can execute with accomplishment. Sector policing has been billed as a project to transcend these limitations - to restore grassroots policing. Details: Pretoria: Institute for Security Studies, 2004. 65p. Source: Internet Resource: ISS Monograph No. 110: Accessed April 4, 2018 at: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono110.pdf Year: 2004 Country: South Africa URL: https://oldsite.issafrica.org/uploads/Mono110.pdf Shelf Number: 149685 Keywords: Community PolicingCrime AnalysisCrime and PlaceCrime HotspotsPolicingProblem-Oriented Policing |
Author: Weisburd, David Title: The Effects of Problem-Oriented Policing on Crime and Disorder Summary: Problem-oriented policing (POP) was developed in 1979 in response to the criticism that policing was too 'means'-focused, and had neglected the 'goals' of crime prevention and control, and community problems. Its core premise is that 'problems,' rather than calls for service or individual incidents, should be the focus of police analysis. This concept had a tremendous impact on American policing and is now widely implemented in the US and other countries. The classic implementation of POP follows the 'SARA' model of problem-solving (Scanning, Analysis, Response, Assessment). Review findings This review examined 10 rigorous evaluations of POP programs following the SARA model, carried out in the US and the UK. The studies covered a wide range of problems from school victimization to vandalism and drug markets. Overall, the analysis showed that POP has a modest but significant impact on reducing various types of crime and disorder. Interventions focusing on 'problem persons' rather than 'problem places' seemed to have a bigger effect on crime reduction. Cautious optimism about POP A further review of 45 less rigorous studies (which did not include any comparisons to areas not subject to POP) indicated overwhelming support for these interventions. When comparison groups were included, programs still provided benefits but on a smaller scale. Nonetheless, caution is urged in interpreting all of these beneficial effects. Although the programs followed the same model in responding to problems, it was not always consistently implemented, and the types of problems and specific responses employed in the areas studied varied greatly. Across such a small number of studies, then, it is difficult to draw any firm conclusions. It is surprising that so little rigorous research has been carried out on such a popular policing tactic. Details: Oslo: Campbell Collaboration, 2008. 91p. Source: Internet Resource: Campbell Systematic Reviews 2008:14 : Accessed May 23, 2018 at: https://campbellcollaboration.org/images/meeting/1045_R.pdf Year: 2008 Country: United States URL: https://campbellcollaboration.org/images/meeting/1045_R.pdf Shelf Number: 150328 Keywords: Police Effectiveness Police Performance Police Policies and Practices Problem-Oriented Policing |